
A couple weeks ago my teammate David and I were doing some Old Testament study together and discovered something we had always thought was true, but was actually one of those kind-of truths that got oversimplified in Bible class, but was never corrected as we got older. The two of us were surprised to come to this realization, and so I thought it’d be interesting to share with you here.
So with that, let me ask you a question:
Which part of Israel wasn’t allowed to enter the Promised Land?
Now your typical, kid-raised-in-the-church answer would be “All those who were 20 years old and older, besides Joshua and Caleb.” And, if you were into citing verses, you’d probably cite this one from Numbers 14:28-30
Say to them, ‘As I live, declares the LORD, what you have said in my hearing I will do to you: your dead bodies shall fall in this wilderness, and of all your number, listed in the census from twenty years old and upward, who have grumbled against me, not one shall come into the land where I swore that I would make you dwell, except Caleb the son of Jephunneh and Joshua the son of Nun.
Seems pretty black and white, doesn’t it? It’s right there: “…all your number, listed in the census from twenty years old and upward…”
Yeah. But.
But what about that little phrase “listed in the census”?
Turns out, what’s being referenced isn’t simply a census of every citizen of Israel. According to Numbers 1:1–4, and also verses 44–46, the purpose of this census was to count and register the number of men who were “able to go to war.” The men were counted for military service and were registered to pay taxes to fund the tabernacle. The text repeats the phrase “who are able to go to war” so much that it makes it obvious that we are only talking about men, and we are only talking about men who could fight.
Right away we’re seeing that it couldn’t have been everyone twenty years old and older that were restricted access to the Promised Land since the referenced census only included able-bodied men. This implies that women along with handicapped and elderly men were excluded from this part of the punishment and were allowed to enter.
So what other exceptions were there?
Numbers 1:47–50 points out that the whole tribe of Levi was also allowed to enter as their job revolved solely around the tabernacle. And the fact that the Levites were allowed to enter would explain three other exceptions we don’t talk about: Moses, Aaron, and Eleazor. Even though Moses and Aaron both eventually missed their opportunity to enter, when God said “every male 20 and older except Caleb and Joshua” Moses was still under the assumption that he would be going as well. Why? Because he was a Levite, and all Levites entered Canaan. This also explains why we see Eleazor the priest at an apparently over-twenty age before the Promised Land, and still a player in the text after they enter. He was a Levite. He was an exception.
Though all this might seem like a fairly trivial piece of information, it’s really made me think about the scope of God’s punishment and how it actually had a big impact on everyone. Usually when we talk about this, we point out how all of those twenty and over were guilty of grumbling and not trusting God. However, when we see that only a certain number of a particular group were condemned to die in the desert, we understand that there were actually different punishments for everyone. Some were condemned to die, others were condemned to lose those loved ones. Israel was forced to lose its mature army and, along with it, the heads of households of thousands of families. Even the children—those who were innocent of their parents’ sins—were still forced to wander the desert for forty years. God punished the whole nation, but everyone paid a different price.
This clarification on a number in the Old Testament certainly isn’t faith-shaking, but I do find it extremely interesting. It’s fascinating to me how the information has been right there this whole time, but all my life I just scanned over the words which laid out the details pretty clearly. We just never stop learning. And I love that.
Most of the time.